Subject Physiology

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Jun 07, 2018

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BODY FLUIDS

1.       Water constitutes about: 60% of body weight

2.       Endolymph is rich in: Potassium

3.       Extracellular fluid: Sodium, chloride & bicarbonate ions are predominant

4.       Intracellular fluid is rich in: Potassium

5.       Measurement of ECF: Inulin, mannitol

6.       Measurement of plasma volume: Evans blue, radiolabelled albumin

7.       Normal anion gap (cations - anions): 10-12 mmol/ L

BLOOD

Blood is a connective tissue.

Blood cell count - Children> adults

Iron defiency anaemia -  RBC is microcytic

megaloblastic anaemia - RBC is macrocytic 

Punctate basophlism  -  lead poisoning 

Goblet ring -  certain types of anaemia like malaria 

Life of RBC’s- 120 days. 

life span of RBC in a newborn -  100 days.

life span of RBC in transfused blood - 90 days

Life span of platelets is 9-12 days.

Complete erythropoiesis occurs in 7 days.

Erythropoiesis occurs in

-- first trimester- Yolk sac 

-- second trimester -  liver

-- Third trimester  -  liver & bone marrow.

Hb appears for first time - intermediate normoblastic stage of erythropoiesis.

Nucleus disappears during -  late normoblastic stage

State of Iron in blood - ferrous

Hb-

Adult Hb consists of -  2 alpha & 2 beta chains.

Fetal Hb consist of 2 alpha & 2 gamma chains

The affinity of Hb for

- CO2 -  20 times more than for O2

- CO -  200 times more than its affinity for O2.

sickle cell anemia - alpha chains are normal but beta chains are abnormal.

Hb C -  contains abnormal beta chains

final product formed from the destruction of Hb - Bilirubin 

Total quantity of the iron in the body -  4gm.

ESR decreases  -

1.allergic conditions,

2. sickle cell anaemia,

3. polycythemia & afibrinogenemia.

Microcytic hypochromic occurs in -

1. iron deficiency anemia,

2. thalassemia,

3. heamoglobinopathies & heamolytic anaemia.

Normocytic normochromic anaemia occurs in

1. aplastic aneamia.

RHYTM

1. SA Node-70-80 beats/min
2. A.V Node-40-60 beats/min
3. Atrial m.f -40-60 beats/min
4. Purkinje fibres-30-40beats/min

Conduction velocity

1.     Purkinje fibres     -4m/s

2.     Internodal tracts   -1m/s

3.     Vent muscle fibres -.5m/s

4.     Atrial m.f         –     .3m/s

5.     Bundle of His     -.12m/S

6.     A.V Node –       .05m/s

CSF

1. Colour-clear &transparent
2. Pressure-60-150 mm of CSF
3. Qty -150 ml
4. Production-550ml/day
5. Cells-0-5 WBC
6. PROTIENS-20-40mg%
7. Sugar-40-70 %
8. Chlorides -720-750 mEq /l

NERVE & MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

1.       RMP of nerve fibre is  -70 Mv

2.       RMP is due to - k+ ions

3.       Order of susceptibility of nerve fibres to pressure - Type A > type B > type c

4.       RMP is close to isoelectric potential of - chloride ions

5.       At synapse, nerve impulse flow is -  Unidirectional

6.       Band which narrows during contraction -  H band

7.       Active sites of actin are covered by - Tropomyosin

8.       Essential for smooth muscle contraction - Cellular calcium