Subject Physiology

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Jun 07, 2018

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CVS PHYSIOLOGY

1.       BP is calculated as: Cardiac output X peripheral resistance

2.       Small cuff, thick walled vessels & obesity will give a: High BP

3.       Ejection fraction: Ratio of stroke volume to end diastolic volume (SD/ EDV); 50-70%

4.       Stroke volume: Volume of blood ejected with each heart beat (CO/ HR); 70-80 ml

5.       Cardiac index: Cardiac output/ Body surface area; 3.2 is the normal value

6.       Exchange vessel: Capillaries (maximum surface area)

7.       Capacitance vessel: Vein

8.       Resistance vessel: Artery/ arteriole

9.       Ventricular end diastolic volume: Volume of blood in ventricular cavity at the end of atrial contraction (120 ml); determines preload

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

1.       QRS complex is due to: Ventricular depolarization

2.       Duration of QRS complex: 0.08 - 0.10 sec

3.       3rd heart sound is hear during: Ventricular fillingphase

4.       'Y' wave in JVP is due to: Opening of AV valve & emptying of blood into ventricle

Universal recipient - ‘AB

Universal donor -O

Commonest blood group - O.

Diseases associated with blood groups:

• Group A – C.A stomach
• Group O – duodenal ulcer

sickle cell anemia - valine is substituted for glutamic acid.

Pus  — Dead neutrophils, macrophages and necrotic tissues. 

In Erythroblastosis fetalis -  mother is Rh-, foetus is Rh positive.

Hapatoglobin - plasma protein carry free Haemoglobin. 

anticoagulant used in transfusion - citrate salt. 

Clotting factors

Factor I -  Fibrinogen

Factor II -  Prothrombin

Factor III - Thromboplastin

Factor IV - Calcium

Factor V -  Pro accelerin (labile factor)

Factor VI - No such factor

Factor VII - Stable factor

Factor VIII -  Anti hemophilic

Factor IX - Christmas

Factor X -  Stuart-power

Factor XI - Plasma thrombplastin antecedent

Factor XII - Hegman (Conduct)

Factor XIII - Fibrin stabilizing factor (Fibrinase)

ESR Male - 3 – 7 mm / hr , Female: 5 – 9 mm / hr 

2. PCV (Packed cell volume)(Hematocrit) - Male: 40 – 45 % ,Female: 38 – 42 %

3. MCV (Mean corpuscular volume) 90 cuµ (78 – 90 cuµ)

4. MCH (Mean corpuscular Hb) 30 pg (27 – 32pg)

5. MCHC (Mean corpuscular Hb Conc.) 30% (13 – 38%)

6. Colour index 1 (0.8 – 1.2)

7. WBC 4000 – 11,000 / cmm

8. Platelet count 2,50,000( 2 lakhs – 4 lakhs)

9. Bleeding time 3 – 6 min

10. Clotting time 3 – 8 min

11. Prothrombin time - 12 sec

12. Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) 25 – 40 sec

13. Heamoglobin Adult male- 14 – 18 gm / dl

Adult female- 12 – 16 gm / dl

New born - 16 – 22 gm /dl

14. RBCDiameter 7.5 µ

15. Blood volume - 5 liters

• Granulocytes -  neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils.
• Agranulocytes -  monocytes & lymphocytes.
•  largest lymphocyte - Monocyte
  
•  clotting time is prolonged in presence of normal bleeding time -  hemophilia
  
• Christmas disease - deficiency of factor IX.